Accidents as Catalysts: Two Case Studies of Innovation
Introduction Innovation is often imagined as the outcome of careful planning, rigorous experimentation, and systematic design. Yet history repeatedly shows that error and accident have played equally significant roles in shaping scientific, medical, and commercial breakthroughs. The capacity to recognize potential in unexpected results, to interpret anomalies, and to refine mistakes into functional products or knowledge is at the heart of many innovations. This paper examines two game-changing ideas that originated from accidents: the development of warfarin from spoiled sweet clover and the invention of the tea bag. These cases demonstrate how serendipitous events, supported by social, scientific, and commercial forces, can transform apparent errors into enduring contributions that reshape medicine, commerce, and culture. Warfarin: From Spoiled Sweet Clover to Lifesaving Drug ...